<xbrl xmlns="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/instance" xmlns:e="http://xbrl.dcca.dk/sob" xmlns:b="http://xbrl.dcca.dk/entryBalanceSheetAccountFormIncomeStatementByNature" xmlns:h="http://xbrl.dcca.dk/mrv" xmlns:f="http://xbrl.dcca.dk/arr" xmlns:d="http://xbrl.dcca.dk/cmn" xmlns:g="http://xbrl.dcca.dk/fsa" xmlns:c="http://xbrl.dcca.dk/gsd" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xbrli="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/instance" xmlns:iso4217="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/iso4217" xmlns:xbrldi="http://xbrl.org/2006/xbrldi" xmlns:link="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://xbrl.dcca.dk/entryBalanceSheetAccountFormIncomeStatementByNature http://archprod.service.eogs.dk/taxonomy/20221001/entryDanishGAAPBalanceSheetAccountFormIncomeStatementByNatureIncludingManagementsReviewStatisticsAndTax20221001.xsd"><link:schemaRef xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://archprod.service.eogs.dk/taxonomy/20221001/entryDanishGAAPBalanceSheetAccountFormIncomeStatementByNatureIncludingManagementsReviewStatisticsAndTax20221001.xsd"/><c:NameOfSubmittingEnterprise contextRef="c179" xml:lang="en">BDO Statsautoriseret revisionsaktieselskab</c:NameOfSubmittingEnterprise><c:AddressOfSubmittingEnterpriseStreetAndNumber contextRef="c179" xml:lang="en">Havneholmen 29</c:AddressOfSubmittingEnterpriseStreetAndNumber><c:AddressOfSubmittingEnterprisePostcodeAndTown contextRef="c179" xml:lang="en">DK-1561 København V</c:AddressOfSubmittingEnterprisePostcodeAndTown><c:IdentificationNumberCvrOfSubmittingEnterprise contextRef="c179" xml:lang="en">20222670</c:IdentificationNumberCvrOfSubmittingEnterprise><c:InformationOnTypeOfSubmittedReport contextRef="c179">Årsrapport</c:InformationOnTypeOfSubmittedReport><c:DateOfGeneralMeeting contextRef="c179">2023-06-21</c:DateOfGeneralMeeting><c:NameAndSurnameOfChairmanOfGeneralMeeting contextRef="c179" xml:lang="en">Claus Martin Caesar Kaufmann</c:NameAndSurnameOfChairmanOfGeneralMeeting><c:NameOfReportingEntity contextRef="c179" xml:lang="en">Bullguard ApS</c:NameOfReportingEntity><c:AddressOfReportingEntityStreetName contextRef="c179" xml:lang="en">C/O Citco (Denmark) ApS, Nybrogade 12</c:AddressOfReportingEntityStreetName><c:AddressOfReportingEntityPostCodeIdentifier contextRef="c179" xml:lang="en">1203 Copenhagen K</c:AddressOfReportingEntityPostCodeIdentifier><d:TypeOfAuditorAssistance contextRef="c179" xml:lang="en">Erklæring om udvidet gennemgang</d:TypeOfAuditorAssistance><c:IdentificationNumberCvrOfReportingEntity contextRef="c179" xml:lang="en">27252567</c:IdentificationNumberCvrOfReportingEntity><c:DateOfFoundationOfReportingEntity contextRef="c179">2003-07-08</c:DateOfFoundationOfReportingEntity><c:RegisteredOfficeOfReportingEntity contextRef="c179" xml:lang="en">Copenhagen</c:RegisteredOfficeOfReportingEntity><c:ReportingPeriodStartDate contextRef="c179">2022-01-01</c:ReportingPeriodStartDate><c:ReportingPeriodEndDate contextRef="c179">2022-12-31</c:ReportingPeriodEndDate><c:PrecedingReportingPeriodStartDate contextRef="c179">2021-01-01</c:PrecedingReportingPeriodStartDate><c:PredingReportingPeriodEndDate contextRef="c179">2021-12-31</c:PredingReportingPeriodEndDate><d:NameOfAuditFirm contextRef="c179" xml:lang="en">BDO Statsautoriseret revisionsaktieselskab</d:NameOfAuditFirm><c:AddressOfAuditorStreetName contextRef="c179" xml:lang="en">Havneholmen</c:AddressOfAuditorStreetName><c:AddressOfAuditorStreetBuildingIdentifier contextRef="c179" xml:lang="en">29</c:AddressOfAuditorStreetBuildingIdentifier><c:AddressOfAuditorPostCodeIdentifier contextRef="c179" xml:lang="en">1561</c:AddressOfAuditorPostCodeIdentifier><c:AddressOfAuditorDistrictName contextRef="c179" xml:lang="en">Copenhagen V</c:AddressOfAuditorDistrictName><c:NameOfFinancialInstitution contextRef="c179" xml:lang="en">Citibank Europe plc</c:NameOfFinancialInstitution><c:AddressOfFinancialStreetName contextRef="c179" xml:lang="en">1</c:AddressOfFinancialStreetName><c:AddressOfFinancialStreetBuildingIdentifier contextRef="c179" xml:lang="en">North Wall Quay</c:AddressOfFinancialStreetBuildingIdentifier><c:AddressOfFinancialPostCodeIdentifier contextRef="c179" xml:lang="en">Dublin</c:AddressOfFinancialPostCodeIdentifier><c:AddressOfFinancialDistrictName contextRef="c179" xml:lang="en">1</c:AddressOfFinancialDistrictName><e:PlaceOfSignatureOfStatement contextRef="c179" xml:lang="en">Copenhagen</e:PlaceOfSignatureOfStatement><e:DateOfApprovalOfAnnualReport contextRef="c179">2023-06-20</e:DateOfApprovalOfAnnualReport><d:NameAndSurnameOfMemberOfExecutiveBoard contextRef="c808" xml:lang="en">Claus Martin Caesar Kaufmann</d:NameAndSurnameOfMemberOfExecutiveBoard><d:NameAndSurnameOfMemberOfExecutiveBoard contextRef="c809" xml:lang="en">Kara Shantell Jordan</d:NameAndSurnameOfMemberOfExecutiveBoard><f:TypeOfModifiedOpinionOnAuditedFinancialStatementsExtendedReview contextRef="c179" xml:lang="en">Konklusion</f:TypeOfModifiedOpinionOnAuditedFinancialStatementsExtendedReview><f:TypeOfBasisForModifiedOpinionOnFinancialStatementsExtendedReview contextRef="c179" xml:lang="en">Grundlag for konklusion</f:TypeOfBasisForModifiedOpinionOnFinancialStatementsExtendedReview><f:SignatureOfAuditorsPlace contextRef="c179" xml:lang="en">Copenhagen</f:SignatureOfAuditorsPlace><f:SignatureOfAuditorsDate contextRef="c179">2023-06-20</f:SignatureOfAuditorsDate><d:NameOfAuditFirm contextRef="c299" xml:lang="en">BDO Statsautoriseret revisionsaktieselskab</d:NameOfAuditFirm><d:IdentificationNumberCvrOfAuditFirm contextRef="c299" xml:lang="en">20222670</d:IdentificationNumberCvrOfAuditFirm><d:NameAndSurnameOfAuditor contextRef="c299" xml:lang="en">Per Frost Jensen</d:NameAndSurnameOfAuditor><d:TypeOfAuditorAssistance contextRef="c179" 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decimals="0">30019</g:OtherShorttermReceivables><g:OtherShorttermReceivables contextRef="c178" unitRef="u1" decimals="0">68097</g:OtherShorttermReceivables><g:ShorttermReceivables contextRef="c177" unitRef="u1" decimals="0">666942</g:ShorttermReceivables><g:ShorttermReceivables contextRef="c178" unitRef="u1" decimals="0">68097</g:ShorttermReceivables><g:CashAndCashEquivalents contextRef="c177" unitRef="u1" decimals="0">11698636</g:CashAndCashEquivalents><g:CashAndCashEquivalents contextRef="c178" unitRef="u1" decimals="0">9832129</g:CashAndCashEquivalents><g:Assets contextRef="c177" unitRef="u1" decimals="0">12365578</g:Assets><g:Assets contextRef="c178" unitRef="u1" decimals="0">9900226</g:Assets><g:ContributedCapital contextRef="c177" unitRef="u1" decimals="0">125000</g:ContributedCapital><g:ContributedCapital contextRef="c178" unitRef="u1" decimals="0">125000</g:ContributedCapital><g:RetainedEarnings contextRef="c177" unitRef="u1" decimals="0">245437</g:RetainedEarnings><g:RetainedEarnings contextRef="c178" unitRef="u1" decimals="0">9390811</g:RetainedEarnings><g:ProposedDividendRecognisedInEquity contextRef="c177" unitRef="u1" decimals="0">11800000</g:ProposedDividendRecognisedInEquity><g:ProposedDividendRecognisedInEquity contextRef="c178" unitRef="u1" decimals="0">0</g:ProposedDividendRecognisedInEquity><g:Equity contextRef="c177" unitRef="u1" decimals="0">12170437</g:Equity><g:Equity contextRef="c178" unitRef="u1" decimals="0">9515811</g:Equity><g:ShorttermTradePayables contextRef="c177" unitRef="u1" decimals="0">103832</g:ShorttermTradePayables><g:ShorttermTradePayables contextRef="c178" unitRef="u1" decimals="0">88226</g:ShorttermTradePayables><g:ShorttermPayablesToGroupEnterprises contextRef="c177" unitRef="u1" decimals="0">0</g:ShorttermPayablesToGroupEnterprises><g:ShorttermPayablesToGroupEnterprises contextRef="c178" unitRef="u1" decimals="0">212307</g:ShorttermPayablesToGroupEnterprises><g:ShorttermLiabilitiesOtherThanProvisions contextRef="c177" unitRef="u1" decimals="0">195141</g:ShorttermLiabilitiesOtherThanProvisions><g:ShorttermLiabilitiesOtherThanProvisions contextRef="c178" unitRef="u1" decimals="0">384415</g:ShorttermLiabilitiesOtherThanProvisions><g:LiabilitiesOtherThanProvisions contextRef="c177" unitRef="u1" decimals="0">195141</g:LiabilitiesOtherThanProvisions><g:LiabilitiesOtherThanProvisions contextRef="c178" unitRef="u1" decimals="0">384415</g:LiabilitiesOtherThanProvisions><g:LiabilitiesAndEquity contextRef="c177" unitRef="u1" decimals="0">12365578</g:LiabilitiesAndEquity><g:LiabilitiesAndEquity contextRef="c178" unitRef="u1" decimals="0">9900226</g:LiabilitiesAndEquity><g:Equity contextRef="c188" unitRef="u1" decimals="0">125000</g:Equity><g:Equity contextRef="c209" unitRef="u1" decimals="0">9390811</g:Equity><g:Equity contextRef="c215" unitRef="u1" decimals="0">0</g:Equity><g:ProfitLoss contextRef="c208" unitRef="u1" decimals="0">-9145374</g:ProfitLoss><g:ProfitLoss contextRef="c214" unitRef="u1" decimals="0">11800000</g:ProfitLoss><g:Equity contextRef="c189" unitRef="u1" decimals="0">125000</g:Equity><g:Equity contextRef="c210" unitRef="u1" decimals="0">245437</g:Equity><g:Equity contextRef="c216" unitRef="u1" decimals="0">11800000</g:Equity><g:AverageNumberOfEmployees contextRef="c179" unitRef="u0" decimals="0">1</g:AverageNumberOfEmployees><g:AverageNumberOfEmployees contextRef="c180" unitRef="u0" decimals="0">1</g:AverageNumberOfEmployees><g:WagesAndSalaries contextRef="c179" unitRef="u1" decimals="0">1034673</g:WagesAndSalaries><g:WagesAndSalaries contextRef="c180" unitRef="u1" decimals="0">965876</g:WagesAndSalaries><g:OtherEmployeeExpense contextRef="c179" unitRef="u1" decimals="0">5365</g:OtherEmployeeExpense><g:OtherEmployeeExpense contextRef="c180" unitRef="u1" decimals="0">2008</g:OtherEmployeeExpense><g:EmployeeBenefitsExpense contextRef="c179" unitRef="u1" decimals="0">1040038</g:EmployeeBenefitsExpense><g:EmployeeBenefitsExpense contextRef="c180" unitRef="u1" decimals="0">967884</g:EmployeeBenefitsExpense><g:InterestIncomeFromGroupEnterprises contextRef="c179" unitRef="u1" decimals="0">22922</g:InterestIncomeFromGroupEnterprises><g:InterestIncomeFromGroupEnterprises contextRef="c180" unitRef="u1" decimals="0">120049</g:InterestIncomeFromGroupEnterprises><g:OtherInterestIncome contextRef="c179" unitRef="u1" decimals="0">2001</g:OtherInterestIncome><g:OtherInterestIncome contextRef="c180" unitRef="u1" decimals="0">0</g:OtherInterestIncome><g:OtherFinanceIncome contextRef="c179" unitRef="u1" decimals="0">24923</g:OtherFinanceIncome><g:OtherFinanceIncome contextRef="c180" unitRef="u1" decimals="0">120049</g:OtherFinanceIncome><g:OtherInterestExpenses contextRef="c179" unitRef="u1" decimals="0">66448</g:OtherInterestExpenses><g:OtherInterestExpenses contextRef="c180" unitRef="u1" decimals="0">68978</g:OtherInterestExpenses><g:OtherFinanceExpenses contextRef="c179" unitRef="u1" decimals="0">66448</g:OtherFinanceExpenses><g:OtherFinanceExpenses contextRef="c180" unitRef="u1" decimals="0">68978</g:OtherFinanceExpenses><g:AdjustmentsForDeferredTax contextRef="c179" unitRef="u1" decimals="0">0</g:AdjustmentsForDeferredTax><g:AdjustmentsForDeferredTax contextRef="c180" unitRef="u1" decimals="0">126506</g:AdjustmentsForDeferredTax><g:ClassOfReportingEntity contextRef="c179">Regnskabsklasse B</g:ClassOfReportingEntity><g:SelectedElementsFromReportingClassC contextRef="c179">true</g:SelectedElementsFromReportingClassC><g:AccountingPoliciesAreUnchangedFromPreviousPeriod contextRef="c179">true</g:AccountingPoliciesAreUnchangedFromPreviousPeriod><e:IdentificationOfApprovedAnnualReport contextRef="c179">Today the Executive Board have discussed and approved the Annual Report of Bullguard ApS for the financial year 1 January  - 31 December 2022.






</e:IdentificationOfApprovedAnnualReport><e:ConfirmationThatAnnualReportIsPresentedInAccordanceWithRequirementsProvidedForByLegislationAnyStandardsAndRequirementsProvidedByArticlesOfAssociationOrByAgreement contextRef="c179">The Annual Report is presented in accordance with the Danish Financial Statements Act.






</e:ConfirmationThatAnnualReportIsPresentedInAccordanceWithRequirementsProvidedForByLegislationAnyStandardsAndRequirementsProvidedByArticlesOfAssociationOrByAgreement><e:ConfirmationThatFinancialStatementGivesTrueAndFairViewOfAssetsLiabilitiesEquityFinancialPositionAndResults contextRef="c179">In our opinion the Financial Statements give a true and fair view of the Company's assets, liabilities and financial position at 31 December 2022 and of the results of the Company's operations for the financial year 1 January  - 31 December 2022.







</e:ConfirmationThatFinancialStatementGivesTrueAndFairViewOfAssetsLiabilitiesEquityFinancialPositionAndResults><e:ManagementsStatementAboutManagementsReview contextRef="c179">The Management Commentary includes in our opinion a fair presentation of the matters dealt with in the Commentary.








</e:ManagementsStatementAboutManagementsReview><e:RecommendationForApprovalOfAnnualReportByGeneralMeeting contextRef="c179">We recommend the Annual Report be approved at the Annual General Meeting.



</e:RecommendationForApprovalOfAnnualReportByGeneralMeeting><f:AddresseeOfAuditorsReportOnExtendedReviewOfFinancialStatements contextRef="c179">To the Shareholders of Bullguard ApS


</f:AddresseeOfAuditorsReportOnExtendedReviewOfFinancialStatements><f:OpinionOnFinancialStatementsExtendedReview contextRef="c179">We have performed an extended review of the Financial Statements of Bullguard ApS for the financial year 1 January - 31 December 2022, which comprise income statement, Balance Sheet, statement of changes in equity and notes, including a summary of significant accounting policies. The Financial Statements are prepared under the Danish Financial Statements Act. 


Based on the work performed in our opinion, the Financial Statements give a true and fair view of the Company's financial position at 31 December 2022 and of the results of the Company's operations for the financial year 1 January - 31 December 2022 in accordance with the Danish Financial Statements Act. 


</f:OpinionOnFinancialStatementsExtendedReview><f:DescriptionOfQualificationsOfFinancialStatementsExtendedReview contextRef="c179">Basis for Conclusion
Grundlag for konklusion


We conducted our extended review in accordance with the Danish Business Authority's Assurance Standard for Small Enterprises and FSR – Danish Auditors' standard on extended review of Financial Statements prepared in accordance with the Danish Financial Statements Act. Our responsibilities under those standards and requirements are further described in the "Auditor's Responsibilities for the Extended Review of the Financial Statements” section of our report. We are independent of the Company in accordance with the International Ethics Standards Board for Accountants’ International Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants (including International Independence Standards) (IESBA Code), together with the ethical requirements that are relevant to our audit of the financial statements in Denmark, and we have fulfilled our other ethical responsibilities in accordance with these requirements and the IESBA Code. We believe that the evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our conclusion. 


</f:DescriptionOfQualificationsOfFinancialStatementsExtendedReview><f:StatementOfExecutiveAndSupervisoryBoardsResponsibilityForFinancialStatementsExtendedReview contextRef="c179">Management's Responsibilities for the Financial Statements



Management is responsible for the preparation of Financial Statements that give a true and fair view in accordance with the Danish Financial Statements Act, and for such Internal control as Management determines is necessary to enable the preparation of Financial Statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error. 



In preparing the Financial Statements, Management is responsible for assessing the Company's ability to continue as a going concern, disclosing, as applicable, matters related to going concern and using the going concern basis of accounting in preparing the Financial Statements unless Management either intends to liquidate the Company or to cease operations, or has no realistic alternative but to do so. 


</f:StatementOfExecutiveAndSupervisoryBoardsResponsibilityForFinancialStatementsExtendedReview><f:StatementOfAuditorsResponsibilityExtendedReview contextRef="c179">Our responsibility is to express a conclusion on the Financial Statements. This requires that we plan and perform procedures in order to obtain limited assurance for our conclusion on the Financial Statements and in addition perform specifically required supplementary procedures to obtain further assurance for our conclusion. 



An extended review comprises procedures that primarily consist of making inquiries of Management and others within the Company, as appropriate, analytical procedures and the specifically required supplementary procedures as well as evaluation of the evidence obtained. 



The procedures performed in an extended review are less than those performed in an audit, and accordingly, we do not express an audit opinion on the Financial Statements. 



</f:StatementOfAuditorsResponsibilityExtendedReview><f:StatementOnManagementsReviewAuditorsReportOnExtendedReviewFinancialStatementsExtendedReview contextRef="c179">Statement on the Management Commentary



Management is responsible for the Management Commentary. 



Our conclusion on the Financial Statements does not cover the Management Commentary, and we do not express any form of assurance conclusion thereon. 



In connection with our extended review of the Financial Statements, our responsibility is to read the Management Commentary and, in doing so, consider whether the Management Commentary is materially inconsistent with the Financial Statements or our knowledge obtained during the extended review, or otherwise appears to be materially misstated. 



Moreover, it is our responsibility to consider whether the Management Commentary provides the information required under the Danish Financial Statements Act. 



Based on the work we have performed, we conclude that the Management Commentary is in accordance with the Financial Statements and has been prepared in accordance with the requirements of the Danish Financial Statements Act. We did not identify any material misstatement in the Management Commentary. 


</f:StatementOnManagementsReviewAuditorsReportOnExtendedReviewFinancialStatementsExtendedReview><h:DescriptionOfPrimaryActivitiesOfEntity contextRef="c179">Principal activities




The company's main activity is to administrate, sell and engage in internet products, which are sold by way of the internet. 


</h:DescriptionOfPrimaryActivitiesOfEntity><h:DescriptionOfDevelopmentInActivitiesAndFinancialAffairs contextRef="c179">Development in activities and financial and economic position




The profit for the year was DKK ('000) 2,655 compared to DKK ('000) 466 in 2021. Equity was DKK ('000) 12,170 at 31 December 2022. The results are considered satisfactory, and the management expects to maintain the operating profit results during 2023. 


</h:DescriptionOfDevelopmentInActivitiesAndFinancialAffairs><h:DescriptionOfSignificantEventsOccurringAfterEndOfReportingPeriod contextRef="c179">Significant events after the end of the financial year




No events have occurred after the end of the financial year of material importance for the Company's financial position. 


</h:DescriptionOfSignificantEventsOccurringAfterEndOfReportingPeriod><g:DisclosureOfEquity contextRef="c179">Share capital
Retained profit
Proposed dividend
Total






Equity at 1 January 2022 
125,000
9,390,811
0
9,515,811









Proposed profit allocation  

-9,145,374
11,800,000
2,654,626









Equity at 31 December 2022 
125,000
245,437
11,800,000
12,170,437



















</g:DisclosureOfEquity><g:DisclosureOfEmployeeBenefitsExpense contextRef="c179">Staff costs


1

Average number of employees
1
1







Wages and salaries 
1,034,673
965,876


Other staff costs 
5,365
2,008








1,040,038
967,884



</g:DisclosureOfEmployeeBenefitsExpense><g:DisclosureOfOtherFinanceIncome contextRef="c179">Other financial income


2


Group enterprises 
22,922
120,049

172.110

Other interest income 
2,001
0









24,923
120,049



</g:DisclosureOfOtherFinanceIncome><g:DisclosureOfOtherFinanceExpenses contextRef="c179">Other financial expenses


3


Other interest expenses 
66,448
68,978









66,448
68,978



</g:DisclosureOfOtherFinanceExpenses><g:DisclosureOfContingentAssets contextRef="c179">The company has a tax loss carryforward, which is not recognized in the balance sheet, as it is not assessed that it can be utilized within a period of 3-5 years. The value of the tax loss amounts to DKK ('000) 25,524 as of 31 December 2022. 

</g:DisclosureOfContingentAssets><g:InformationOnReportingClassOfEntity contextRef="c179">The Annual Report of Bullguard ApS for 2022 has been presented in accordance with the provisions of the Danish Financial Statements Act for enterprises in reporting class B and certain provisions applying to reporting class C. 
Regnskabsklasse B1
true
true

The Annual Report is prepared consistently with the accounting principles applied last year. 


</g:InformationOnReportingClassOfEntity><g:DescriptionOfMethodsOfRecognitionAndMeasurementBasisOfRevenue contextRef="c179">Net revenue




Net revenue from sale of merchandise and finished goods is recognised in the Income Statement if supply and risk transfer to purchaser has taken place before the end of the year and if the income can be measured reliably and is expected to be received. Net revenue is recognised exclusive of VAT, duties and less discounts related to the sale. 



Where products with a high degree of individual adjustments are delivered, recognition in net revenue is made as and when the production progresses, the net revenue being equal to the sales value of the work performed for the year (the production method). This method is applied when the total costs and expenses regarding the contract and the degree of completion at the balance sheet date can be reliably assessed, and it is likely that the financial benefits will flow to the company.  



During the prior year, the company entered into a Cost Plus agreement with an internal part of the group where Cost Plus services are accrued so that they cover the period up to the end of the financial year.







Net revenue is recognised exclusive of VAT and less duties and discounts related to the sale. 


</g:DescriptionOfMethodsOfRecognitionAndMeasurementBasisOfRevenue><g:DescriptionOfMethodsOfRecognitionAndMeasurementBasisOfOtherOperatingIncome contextRef="c179">Other operating income




Other operating income includes items of a secondary nature in relation to the enterprises' principal activities, including profit from sale of intangible and tangible assets, operating loss and conflict compensations, as well as salary refunds. Compensations are recognised when the income is estimated to be realisable.  


</g:DescriptionOfMethodsOfRecognitionAndMeasurementBasisOfOtherOperatingIncome><g:DescriptionOfMethodsOfRecognitionAndMeasurementBasisOfCostOfSales contextRef="c179">Cost of sales




Cost of sales comprise costs incurred to achieve the net revenue for the year, including direct and indirect costs of raw materials and consumables. 


</g:DescriptionOfMethodsOfRecognitionAndMeasurementBasisOfCostOfSales><g:DescriptionOfMethodsOfRecognitionAndMeasurementBasisOfExternalExpenses contextRef="c179">Other external expenses



Other external expenses include cost of sales, advertising, administration, buildings, bad debts, operational lease expenses, etc.  


</g:DescriptionOfMethodsOfRecognitionAndMeasurementBasisOfExternalExpenses><g:DescriptionOfMethodsOfRecognitionAndMeasurementBasisOfEmployeeBenefitExpense contextRef="c179">Staff costs




Staff costs comprise wages and salaries, including holiday pay and pensions and other costs for social security etc. for the company’s employees. Repayments from public authorities are deducted from staff costs. 


</g:DescriptionOfMethodsOfRecognitionAndMeasurementBasisOfEmployeeBenefitExpense><g:DescriptionOfMethodsOfRecognitionAndMeasurementBasisOfFinanceIncomeAndExpenses contextRef="c179">Financial income and expenses





Financial income and expenses include interest income and expenses, realised and unrealised gains and losses arising from investments in financial assets, debt and transactions in foreign currencies, amortisation of financial assets and liabilities as well as charges and allowances under the tax-on-account scheme etc. Financial income and expenses are recognised in the income statement by the amounts that relate to the financial year. 


</g:DescriptionOfMethodsOfRecognitionAndMeasurementBasisOfFinanceIncomeAndExpenses><g:DescriptionOfMethodsOfRecognitionAndMeasurementBasisOfTaxExpenses contextRef="c179">Tax





The tax for the year, which consists of the current tax for the year and changes in deferred tax, is recognised in the income statement by the portion that may be attributed to the profit for the year, and is recognised directly in the equity by the portion that may be attributed to entries directly to the equity. 


</g:DescriptionOfMethodsOfRecognitionAndMeasurementBasisOfTaxExpenses><g:DescriptionOfMethodsOfRecognitionAndMeasurementBasisOfReceivables contextRef="c179">Receivables





Receivables are measured at amortised cost which usually corresponds to nominal value. The value is reduced by write-down to meet expected losses. 


</g:DescriptionOfMethodsOfRecognitionAndMeasurementBasisOfReceivables><g:DescriptionOfMethodsOfRecognitionAndMeasurementBasisOfTaxPayablesAndDeferredTax contextRef="c179">Tax payable and deferred tax




Current tax liabilities and receivable current tax are recognised in the balance sheet as the calculated tax on the taxable income for the year, adjusted for tax on the taxable income for previous years and taxes paid on account. 



Deferred tax is measured on the temporary differences between the carrying amount and the tax value of assets and liabilities. 



Deferred tax assets, including the tax value of tax loss carry-forwards, are measured at the expected realisable value of the asset, either by set-off against tax on future earnings or by set-off against deferred tax liabilities within the same legal tax entity. 



Deferred tax is measured on the basis of the tax rules and tax rates that under the legislation in force on the balance sheet date would be applicable when the deferred tax is expected to crystallise as current tax. Any changes in the deferred tax resulting from changes in tax rates, are recognised in the income statement, except from items recognised directly in equity. 


</g:DescriptionOfMethodsOfRecognitionAndMeasurementBasisOfTaxPayablesAndDeferredTax><g:DescriptionOfMethodsOfRecognitionAndMeasurementBasisOfLiabilitiesOtherThanProvisions contextRef="c179">Liabilities





Financial liabilities are recognised at the time of borrowing by the amount of proceeds received less borrowing costs. In subsequent periods, the financial liabilities are measured at amortised cost equal to the capitalised value when using the effective interest, the difference between the proceeds and the nominal value being recognised in the income statement over the term of loan. 



Liabilities are measured at amortised cost equal to nominal value. 



</g:DescriptionOfMethodsOfRecognitionAndMeasurementBasisOfLiabilitiesOtherThanProvisions><g:DescriptionOfMethodsOfTranslationOfForeignCurrencies contextRef="c179">Foreign currency translation





Transactions in foreign currencies are translated at the rate of exchange on the transaction date. Exchange differences arising between the rate on the transaction date and the rate on the payment date are recognised in the income statement as a financial income or expense.




Receivables, payables and other monetary items in foreign currencies that are not settled on the balance sheet date are translated at the exchange rate on the balance sheet date. The difference between the exchange rate on the balance sheet date and the exchange rate at the time of occurrence of the receivables or payables is recognised in the income statement as financial income or expenses.





Fixed assets acquired in foreign currencies are translated at the rate of exchange on the transaction date. 



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