<xbrl xmlns="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/instance" xmlns:g="http://xbrl.dcca.dk/sob" xmlns:b="http://xbrl.dcca.dk/entryBalanceSheetAccountFormIncomeStatementByNature" xmlns:h="http://xbrl.dcca.dk/mrv" xmlns:f="http://xbrl.dcca.dk/arr" xmlns:d="http://xbrl.dcca.dk/cmn" xmlns:e="http://xbrl.dcca.dk/fsa" xmlns:c="http://xbrl.dcca.dk/gsd" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xbrli="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/instance" xmlns:iso4217="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/iso4217" xmlns:xbrldi="http://xbrl.org/2006/xbrldi" xmlns:link="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://xbrl.dcca.dk/entryBalanceSheetAccountFormIncomeStatementByNature http://archprod.service.eogs.dk/taxonomy/20221001/entryDanishGAAPBalanceSheetAccountFormIncomeStatementByNatureIncludingManagementsReviewStatisticsAndTax20221001.xsd"><link:schemaRef xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://archprod.service.eogs.dk/taxonomy/20221001/entryDanishGAAPBalanceSheetAccountFormIncomeStatementByNatureIncludingManagementsReviewStatisticsAndTax20221001.xsd"/><c:InformationOnTypeOfSubmittedReport contextRef="c1">Årsrapport</c:InformationOnTypeOfSubmittedReport><c:IdentificationNumberCvrOfSubmittingEnterprise contextRef="c1">34209936</c:IdentificationNumberCvrOfSubmittingEnterprise><c:NameOfSubmittingEnterprise contextRef="c1">Grant Thornton, Godkendt Revisionspartnerselskab</c:NameOfSubmittingEnterprise><c:AddressOfSubmittingEnterpriseStreetAndNumber contextRef="c1">Danalien, 1</c:AddressOfSubmittingEnterpriseStreetAndNumber><c:AddressOfSubmittingEnterprisePostcodeAndTown contextRef="c1">9000, Aalborg</c:AddressOfSubmittingEnterprisePostcodeAndTown><c:PrecedingReportingPeriodStartDate contextRef="c1">2022-01-01</c:PrecedingReportingPeriodStartDate><c:PredingReportingPeriodEndDate contextRef="c1">2022-12-31</c:PredingReportingPeriodEndDate><c:ReportingPeriodStartDate contextRef="c1">2023-01-01</c:ReportingPeriodStartDate><c:ReportingPeriodEndDate contextRef="c1">2023-12-31</c:ReportingPeriodEndDate><c:IdentificationNumberCvrOfReportingEntity contextRef="c1">21635405</c:IdentificationNumberCvrOfReportingEntity><c:NameOfReportingEntity contextRef="c1">HM Holding ApS</c:NameOfReportingEntity><c:AddressOfReportingEntityStreetName contextRef="c1">Guldbækparken</c:AddressOfReportingEntityStreetName><c:AddressOfReportingEntityStreetBuildingIdentifier contextRef="c1">17</c:AddressOfReportingEntityStreetBuildingIdentifier><c:AddressOfReportingEntityPostCodeIdentifier contextRef="c1">9230</c:AddressOfReportingEntityPostCodeIdentifier><c:AddressOfReportingEntityDistrictName contextRef="c1">Svenstrup J</c:AddressOfReportingEntityDistrictName><d:NameOfAuditFirm contextRef="c37">Grant Thornton, Godkendt Revisionspartnerselskab</d:NameOfAuditFirm><d:IdentificationNumberCvrOfAuditFirm contextRef="c37">34209936</d:IdentificationNumberCvrOfAuditFirm><d:NameAndSurnameOfAuditor contextRef="c37">Jens Ludvig Aaen</d:NameAndSurnameOfAuditor><d:DescriptionOfAuditor contextRef="c37">statsautoriseret revisor</d:DescriptionOfAuditor><d:IdentificationNumberOfAuditor contextRef="c37">mne14950</d:IdentificationNumberOfAuditor><c:AddressOfAuditorStreetName contextRef="c37">Danalien</c:AddressOfAuditorStreetName><c:AddressOfAuditorStreetBuildingIdentifier contextRef="c37">1</c:AddressOfAuditorStreetBuildingIdentifier><c:AddressOfAuditorPostCodeIdentifier contextRef="c37">9000</c:AddressOfAuditorPostCodeIdentifier><c:AddressOfAuditorDistrictName contextRef="c37">Aalborg</c:AddressOfAuditorDistrictName><c:AddressOfAuditorCountry contextRef="c37">Danmark</c:AddressOfAuditorCountry><c:TelephoneNumberOfAuditor contextRef="c37">+45 98 10 30 77</c:TelephoneNumberOfAuditor><c:EmailOfAuditor contextRef="c1">info@dk.gt.com</c:EmailOfAuditor><c:DateOfGeneralMeeting contextRef="c1">2024-06-25</c:DateOfGeneralMeeting><c:NameAndSurnameOfChairmanOfGeneralMeeting contextRef="c1">Henrik Moesaa</c:NameAndSurnameOfChairmanOfGeneralMeeting><e:ClassOfReportingEntity contextRef="c1">Regnskabsklasse B</e:ClassOfReportingEntity><d:TypeOfAuditorAssistance contextRef="c1">Erklæring om udvidet gennemgang</d:TypeOfAuditorAssistance><c:ToolForPreparingTheXBRLInstanceDocument contextRef="c1">CaseWare fra Revisorgruppen Danmark</c:ToolForPreparingTheXBRLInstanceDocument><f:AddresseeOfAuditorsReportOnExtendedReviewOfFinancialStatements contextRef="c1">kapitalejeren</f:AddresseeOfAuditorsReportOnExtendedReviewOfFinancialStatements><f:SignatureOfAuditorsPlace contextRef="c1">Aalborg</f:SignatureOfAuditorsPlace><f:SignatureOfAuditorsDate contextRef="c1">2024-06-17</f:SignatureOfAuditorsDate><g:PlaceOfSignatureOfStatement contextRef="c1">Svenstrup J</g:PlaceOfSignatureOfStatement><g:DateOfApprovalOfAnnualReport contextRef="c1">2024-06-17</g:DateOfApprovalOfAnnualReport><f:TypeOfBasisForModifiedOpinionOnFinancialStatementsExtendedReview contextRef="c1">Grundlag for konklusion</f:TypeOfBasisForModifiedOpinionOnFinancialStatementsExtendedReview><f:TypeOfModifiedOpinionOnAuditedFinancialStatementsExtendedReview contextRef="c1">Konklusion</f:TypeOfModifiedOpinionOnAuditedFinancialStatementsExtendedReview><e:GrossProfitLoss contextRef="c1" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">-30057</e:GrossProfitLoss><e:GrossProfitLoss contextRef="c2" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">-28868</e:GrossProfitLoss><e:ProfitLossFromOrdinaryOperatingActivities contextRef="c1" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">-30057</e:ProfitLossFromOrdinaryOperatingActivities><e:ProfitLossFromOrdinaryOperatingActivities contextRef="c2" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">-28868</e:ProfitLossFromOrdinaryOperatingActivities><e:OtherFinanceIncome contextRef="c1" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">255684</e:OtherFinanceIncome><e:OtherFinanceIncome contextRef="c2" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">390175</e:OtherFinanceIncome><e:OtherFinanceExpenses contextRef="c1" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">118860</e:OtherFinanceExpenses><e:OtherFinanceExpenses contextRef="c2" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">106331</e:OtherFinanceExpenses><e:ProfitLossFromOrdinaryActivitiesBeforeTax contextRef="c1" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">106767</e:ProfitLossFromOrdinaryActivitiesBeforeTax><e:ProfitLossFromOrdinaryActivitiesBeforeTax contextRef="c2" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">254976</e:ProfitLossFromOrdinaryActivitiesBeforeTax><e:TaxExpense contextRef="c1" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">1682</e:TaxExpense><e:TaxExpense contextRef="c2" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">6773</e:TaxExpense><e:ProfitLoss contextRef="c1" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">105085</e:ProfitLoss><e:ProfitLoss contextRef="c2" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">248203</e:ProfitLoss><e:TransferredToFromRetainedEarnings contextRef="c1" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">105085</e:TransferredToFromRetainedEarnings><e:TransferredToFromRetainedEarnings contextRef="c2" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">248203</e:TransferredToFromRetainedEarnings><e:ShorttermTaxReceivables contextRef="c4" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">945</e:ShorttermTaxReceivables><e:ShorttermTaxReceivables contextRef="c3" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">0</e:ShorttermTaxReceivables><e:ShorttermReceivables contextRef="c4" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">945</e:ShorttermReceivables><e:ShorttermReceivables contextRef="c3" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">0</e:ShorttermReceivables><e:OtherShorttermInvestments contextRef="c4" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">1411589</e:OtherShorttermInvestments><e:OtherShorttermInvestments contextRef="c3" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">1034493</e:OtherShorttermInvestments><e:ShorttermInvestments contextRef="c4" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">1411589</e:ShorttermInvestments><e:ShorttermInvestments contextRef="c3" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">1034493</e:ShorttermInvestments><e:CashAndCashEquivalents contextRef="c4" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">6226783</e:CashAndCashEquivalents><e:CashAndCashEquivalents contextRef="c3" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">6499739</e:CashAndCashEquivalents><e:CurrentAssets contextRef="c4" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">7639317</e:CurrentAssets><e:CurrentAssets contextRef="c3" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">7534232</e:CurrentAssets><e:Assets contextRef="c4" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">7639317</e:Assets><e:Assets contextRef="c3" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">7534232</e:Assets><e:RecognisedButNotOwnedAssets contextRef="c1" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">0</e:RecognisedButNotOwnedAssets><e:ContributedCapital contextRef="c4" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">125000</e:ContributedCapital><e:ContributedCapital contextRef="c3" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">125000</e:ContributedCapital><e:RetainedEarnings contextRef="c4" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">7487817</e:RetainedEarnings><e:RetainedEarnings contextRef="c3" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">7382732</e:RetainedEarnings><e:Equity contextRef="c4" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">7612817</e:Equity><e:Equity contextRef="c3" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">7507732</e:Equity><e:ShorttermTradePayables contextRef="c4" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">25000</e:ShorttermTradePayables><e:ShorttermTradePayables contextRef="c3" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">25000</e:ShorttermTradePayables><e:OtherPayablesIncludingTaxPayablesLiabilitiesOtherThanProvisionsShortterm contextRef="c4" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">1500</e:OtherPayablesIncludingTaxPayablesLiabilitiesOtherThanProvisionsShortterm><e:OtherPayablesIncludingTaxPayablesLiabilitiesOtherThanProvisionsShortterm contextRef="c3" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">1500</e:OtherPayablesIncludingTaxPayablesLiabilitiesOtherThanProvisionsShortterm><e:ShorttermLiabilitiesOtherThanProvisions contextRef="c4" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">26500</e:ShorttermLiabilitiesOtherThanProvisions><e:ShorttermLiabilitiesOtherThanProvisions contextRef="c3" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">26500</e:ShorttermLiabilitiesOtherThanProvisions><e:LiabilitiesOtherThanProvisions contextRef="c4" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">26500</e:LiabilitiesOtherThanProvisions><e:LiabilitiesOtherThanProvisions contextRef="c3" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">26500</e:LiabilitiesOtherThanProvisions><e:LiabilitiesAndEquity contextRef="c4" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">7639317</e:LiabilitiesAndEquity><e:LiabilitiesAndEquity contextRef="c3" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">7534232</e:LiabilitiesAndEquity><e:OtherInterestExpenses contextRef="c1" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">118860</e:OtherInterestExpenses><e:OtherInterestExpenses contextRef="c2" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">106331</e:OtherInterestExpenses><e:OtherFinanceExpenses contextRef="c1" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">118860</e:OtherFinanceExpenses><e:OtherFinanceExpenses contextRef="c2" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">106331</e:OtherFinanceExpenses><e:Equity contextRef="c119" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">125000</e:Equity><e:Equity contextRef="c478" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">125000</e:Equity><e:Equity contextRef="c121" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">125000</e:Equity><e:Equity contextRef="c480" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">125000</e:Equity><e:Equity contextRef="c137" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">7382732</e:Equity><e:Equity contextRef="c498" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">7134529</e:Equity><e:ProfitLoss contextRef="c138" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">105085</e:ProfitLoss><e:ProfitLoss contextRef="c499" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">248203</e:ProfitLoss><e:Equity contextRef="c139" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">7487817</e:Equity><e:Equity contextRef="c500" unitRef="u5" decimals="0">7382732</e:Equity><g:IdentificationOfApprovedAnnualReport contextRef="c1" xml:lang="en">Today, the Board of Directors and the Managing Director have approved the annual report of HM Holding ApS for the financial year 1 January - 31 December 2023.
</g:IdentificationOfApprovedAnnualReport><g:ConfirmationThatAnnualReportIsPresentedInAccordanceWithRequirementsProvidedForByLegislationAnyStandardsAndRequirementsProvidedByArticlesOfAssociationOrByAgreement contextRef="c1" xml:lang="en">The annual report has been prepared in accordance with the Danish Financial Statements Act.
</g:ConfirmationThatAnnualReportIsPresentedInAccordanceWithRequirementsProvidedForByLegislationAnyStandardsAndRequirementsProvidedByArticlesOfAssociationOrByAgreement><g:ConfirmationThatFinancialStatementGivesTrueAndFairViewOfAssetsLiabilitiesEquityFinancialPositionAndResults contextRef="c1" xml:lang="en">We consider the chosen accounting policy to be appropriate, and in our opinion, the financial statements give a true and fair view of the financial position of the Company at 31 December 2023 and of the results of the Company's operations for the financial year 1 January – 31 December 2023.
</g:ConfirmationThatFinancialStatementGivesTrueAndFairViewOfAssetsLiabilitiesEquityFinancialPositionAndResults><g:ManagementsStatementAboutManagementsReview contextRef="c1" xml:lang="en">Further, in our opinion, the Management's review gives a true and fair review of the matters discussed in the Management's review.
</g:ManagementsStatementAboutManagementsReview><g:RecommendationForApprovalOfAnnualReportByGeneralMeeting contextRef="c1" xml:lang="en">We recommend that the annual report be approved at the Annual General Meeting.
</g:RecommendationForApprovalOfAnnualReportByGeneralMeeting><d:NameAndSurnameOfMemberOfExecutiveBoard contextRef="c29">Henrik Moesaa</d:NameAndSurnameOfMemberOfExecutiveBoard><d:NameAndSurnameOfMemberOfSupervisoryBoard contextRef="c5">Henrik Moesaa</d:NameAndSurnameOfMemberOfSupervisoryBoard><d:NameAndSurnameOfMemberOfSupervisoryBoard contextRef="c6">Shannon Richmond Moesaa</d:NameAndSurnameOfMemberOfSupervisoryBoard><d:NameAndSurnameOfMemberOfSupervisoryBoard contextRef="c7">Christina Stoffersen Moesaa Olsen</d:NameAndSurnameOfMemberOfSupervisoryBoard><f:OpinionOnFinancialStatementsExtendedReview contextRef="c1" xml:lang="en">We have performed an extended review of the financial statements of HM Holding ApS for the financial year 1 January - 31 December 2023, which comprise a summary of significant accounting policies, income statement, balance sheet, statement of changes in equity and notes. The financial statements are prepared under the Danish Financial Statements Act.

Based on the work performed, in our opinion, the financial statements give a true and fair view of the Company's financial position at 31 December 2023 and of the results of the Company's operations for the financial year 1 January - 31 December 2023 in accordance with the Danish Financial Statements Act.
</f:OpinionOnFinancialStatementsExtendedReview><f:DescriptionOfQualificationsOfFinancialStatementsExtendedReview contextRef="c1" xml:lang="en">Basis for conclusion
We conducted our extended review in accordance with the Danish Business Authority's Assurance Standard for Small Enterprises and FSR – Danish Auditors' standard on extended review of financial statements prepared in accordance with the Danish Financial Statements Act. Our responsibilities under those standards and requirements are further described in the "Practitioner's responsibilities for the extended review of the Financial Statements" section of our report. We are independent of the Company in accordance with the International Ethics Standards Board for Accountants’ International Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants (IESBA Code) and the additional ethical requirements applicable in Denmark, and we have fulfilled our other ethical responsibilities in accordance with these requirements and the IESBA Code. We believe that the evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our conclusion.
</f:DescriptionOfQualificationsOfFinancialStatementsExtendedReview><f:StatementOfExecutiveAndSupervisoryBoardsResponsibilityForFinancialStatementsExtendedReview contextRef="c1" xml:lang="en">Management is responsible for the preparation of financial statements that give a true and fair view in accordance with the Danish Financial Statements Act, and for such internal control as Management determines is necessary to enable the preparation of financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.

In preparing the financial statements, Management is responsible for assessing the Company's ability to continue as a going concern, disclosing, as applicable, matters related to going concern and using the going concern basis of accounting in preparing the financial statements unless Management either intends to liquidate the Company or to cease operations, or has no realistic alternative but to do so.
</f:StatementOfExecutiveAndSupervisoryBoardsResponsibilityForFinancialStatementsExtendedReview><f:StatementOfAuditorsResponsibilityExtendedReview contextRef="c1" xml:lang="en">Our responsibility is to express a conclusion on the financial statements. This requires that we plan and perform procedures in order to obtain limited assurance for our conclusion on the financial statements and in addition perform specifically required supplementary procedures to obtain further assurance for our conclusion.

An extended review comprises procedures that primarily consist of making inquiries of Management and others within the Company, as appropriate, analytical procedures and the specifically required supplementary procedures as well as evaluation of the evidence obtained.

The procedures performed in an extended review are less than those performed in an audit, and accordingly, we do not express an audit opinion on the financial statements.
</f:StatementOfAuditorsResponsibilityExtendedReview><f:StatementOnManagementsReviewAuditorsReportOnExtendedReviewFinancialStatementsExtendedReview contextRef="c1" xml:lang="en">Statement on the Management’s Review
Management is responsible for the Management’s Review.

Our conclusion on the financial statements does not cover the Management’s Review, and we do not express any form of assurance conclusion thereon.

In connection with our extended review of the financial statements, our responsibility is to read the Management’s Review and, in doing so, consider whether the Management’s Review is materially inconsistent with the financial statements or our knowledge obtained during the extended review, or otherwise appears to be materially misstated.

Moreover, it is our responsibility to consider whether the Management’s Review provides the information required under the Danish Financial Statements Act.

Based on the work we have performed, we conclude that the Management’s Review is in accordance with the financial statements and has been prepared in accordance with the requirements of the Danish Financial Statements Act. We did not identify any material misstatement in the Management’s Review.
</f:StatementOnManagementsReviewAuditorsReportOnExtendedReviewFinancialStatementsExtendedReview><h:DescriptionOfPrimaryActivitiesOfEntity contextRef="c1" xml:lang="en">Description of key activities of the company
The Company´s activity consunst commercial activities within investments in securitics equity and financiel contracts. 
</h:DescriptionOfPrimaryActivitiesOfEntity><h:DescriptionOfSignificantEventsOccurringAfterEndOfReportingPeriod contextRef="c1" xml:lang="en">Events occurring after the end of the financial year
No events have occured subsequent to the balance sheet date, which world have material impact on financial position of the company.
</h:DescriptionOfSignificantEventsOccurringAfterEndOfReportingPeriod><e:InformationOnReportingClassOfEntity contextRef="c1" xml:lang="en">The annual report for HM Holding ApS has been presented in accordance with the Danish Financial Statements Act regulations concerning reporting class B enterprises. Furthermore, the company has decided to comply with certain rules applying to reporting class C enterprises.

The accounting policies are unchanged from last year, and the annual report is presented in DKK.
</e:InformationOnReportingClassOfEntity><e:DescriptionOfGeneralMattersRelatedToRecognitionMeasurementAndChangesInAccountingPolicies contextRef="c1" xml:lang="en">Recognition and measurement in general
Income is recognised in the income statement concurrently with its realisation, including the recognition of value adjustments of financial assets and liabilities. Likewise, all costs are recognised in the income statement, including depreciations amortisations, writedowns for impairment, provisions, and reversals due to changes in estimated amounts previously recognised in the income statement.

Assets are recognised in the statement of financial position when it seems probable that future economic benefits will flow to the company and the value of the asset can be reliably measured.

Liabilities are recognised in the statement of financial position when it is seems probable that future economic benefits will flow out of the company and the value of the liability can be reliably measured.

Assets and liabilities are measured at cost at the initial recognition. Hereafter, assets and liabilities are measured as described below for each individual accounting item.

Certain financial assets and liabilities are measured at amortised cost, allowing a constant effective interest rate to be recognised during the useful life of the asset or liability. Amortised cost is recognised as the original cost less any payments, plus/less accrued amortisations of the difference between cost and nominal amount. In this way, capital losses and gains are allocated over the useful life of the liability.

Upon recognition and measurement, allowances are made for such predictable losses and risks which may arise prior to the presentation of the annual report and concern matters that exist on the reporting date.
</e:DescriptionOfGeneralMattersRelatedToRecognitionMeasurementAndChangesInAccountingPolicies><e:DescriptionOfAccountingPoliciesRelatedToDerivativeFinancialInstruments contextRef="c1" xml:lang="en">Derivatives
At their initial recognition, derivatives are recognised at cost in the statement of financial position. Hereafter, they measured at fair value. Positive and negative fair values of derivatives are recognised under other receivables and payables, respectively.

Changes in the fair value of derived financial instruments classified as and meeting the criteria for hedging the fair value of a recognised asset or a recognised liability are recognised in the income statement together with changes in the fair value of the hedged asset or the hedged liability.

Changes in the fair value of derived financial instruments classified as hedging of future cash flows are recognised in other receivables or other payables, and in equity.

If the future transaction results in the recognition of assets or liabilities, amounts previously recognised in equity are transferred to the cost of the asset or the liability, respectively. If the future transaction results in income or costs, amounts recognised in equity on a continuing basis are transferred to the income statement for the period in which the hedged item affected the income statement.

For derived financial statements that are no longer recognised as hedging instruments, changes in fair value are recognised in the income statement on a current basis.
</e:DescriptionOfAccountingPoliciesRelatedToDerivativeFinancialInstruments><e:DescriptionOfMethodsOfRecognitionAndMeasurementBasisOfRevenue contextRef="c1" xml:lang="en">Gross loss
Gross loss comprises the revenue, changes in inventories of finished goods, and work in progress, own work capitalised, other operating income, and external costs.

The enterprise will be applying IAS 11 and IAS 18 as its basis of interpretation for the recognition of revenue.

Revenue is recognised in the income statement if delivery and passing of risk to the buyer have taken place before the end of the year and if the income can be determined reliably and inflow is anticipated. Revenue is measured at the fair value of the consideration promised exclusive of VAT and taxes and less any discounts relating directly to sales.
</e:DescriptionOfMethodsOfRecognitionAndMeasurementBasisOfRevenue><e:DescriptionOfMethodsOfRecognitionAndMeasurementBasisOfExternalExpenses contextRef="c1" xml:lang="en">Other external expenses comprise expenses incurred for distribution, sales, advertising, administration, premises, loss on receivables, and operational leasing costs.
</e:DescriptionOfMethodsOfRecognitionAndMeasurementBasisOfExternalExpenses><e:DescriptionOfMethodsOfRecognitionAndMeasurementBasisOfFinanceIncomeAndExpenses contextRef="c1" xml:lang="en">Financial income and expenses
Financial income and expenses are recognised in the income statement with the amounts concerning the financial year. Financial income and expenses comprise interest income and expenses, financial expenses from financial leasing, realised and unrealised capital gains and losses relating to securities, debt and transactions in foreign currency, amortisation of financial assets and liabilities as well as surcharges and reimbursements under the advance tax scheme, etc.
</e:DescriptionOfMethodsOfRecognitionAndMeasurementBasisOfFinanceIncomeAndExpenses><e:DescriptionOfMethodsOfRecognitionAndMeasurementBasisOfTaxExpenses contextRef="c1" xml:lang="en">Tax on net profit or loss for the year
Tax for the year comprises the current income tax for the year and changes in deferred tax and is recognised in the income statement with the share attributable to the net profit or loss for the year and directly in equity with the share attributable to entries directly in equity. 
</e:DescriptionOfMethodsOfRecognitionAndMeasurementBasisOfTaxExpenses><e:DescriptionOfMethodsOfInvestmentsAsCurrentAssets contextRef="c1" xml:lang="en">Financial instruments and equity investments
Financial instruments and equity investments recognised under current assets consist of listed shares and bonds which are measured at fair value on the reporting date. Unlisted equity investments are measured at cost. Writedown takes place to the recoverable amount if this value is lower than the carrying amount.
</e:DescriptionOfMethodsOfInvestmentsAsCurrentAssets><e:DescriptionOfMethodsOfRecognitionAndMeasurementBasisOfCashAndCashEquivalents contextRef="c1" xml:lang="en">Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents comprise cash at bank and on hand.
</e:DescriptionOfMethodsOfRecognitionAndMeasurementBasisOfCashAndCashEquivalents><e:DescriptionOfMethodsOfRecognitionAndMeasurementBasisOfTaxPayablesAndDeferredTax contextRef="c1" xml:lang="en">Income tax and deferred tax
Current tax liabilities and current tax receivable are recognised in the statement of financial position as calculated tax on the taxable income for the year, adjusted for tax of previous years' taxable income and for tax paid on account.

Deferred tax is measured on the basis of temporary differences in assets and liabilities with a focus on the statement of financial position. Deferred tax is measured at net realisable value.

Deferred tax is measured based on the tax rules and tax rates applying under the legislation prevailing in the respective countries on the reporting date when the deferred tax is expected to be released as current tax. Changes in deferred tax due to changed tax rates are recognised in the income statement, except for items included directly in the equity.

Deferred tax assets, including the tax value of tax losses allowed for carryforward, are recognised at the value at which they are expected to be realisable, either by settlement against tax of future earnings or by set-off in deferred tax liabilities within the same legal tax unit. Any deferred net tax assets are measured at net realisable value.
</e:DescriptionOfMethodsOfRecognitionAndMeasurementBasisOfTaxPayablesAndDeferredTax><e:DescriptionOfMethodsOfRecognitionAndMeasurementBasisOfLiabilitiesOtherThanProvisions contextRef="c1" xml:lang="en">Liabilities other than provisions
Other liabilities concerning payables to suppliers, group enterprises, and other payables are measured at amortised cost which usually corresponds to the nominal value.
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